garden fork

A garden fork, spading fork, digging fork or graip is a gardening implement, with a handle and several (usually four) short, sturdy tines. It is used for loosening, lifting and turning over soil in gardening and farming. It is used similarly to a spade, but in many circumstances it is more appropriate than a spade: the tines allow the implement to be pushed more easily into the ground, it can rake out stones and weeds and break up clods, it is not so easily stopped by stones, and it does not cut through weed roots or root-crops. Garden forks were originally made of wood, but the majority are now made of carbon steel orstainless steel.

Garden forks are slightly different from pitchforks, which are used for moving loose materials such as piled hay, compost, or manure. Garden forks have comparatively a fairly short, usually wooden handle, with a "D" or "T" end. Their tines are usually shorter, flatter, thicker, and more closely spaced.

A smaller version of such forks with shorter, closer-spaced, thinner tines (but a full-sized handle) is known as a border fork or ladies' fork, and is used for lighter work such as weeding amongst other plants. Forks with broader, flatter tines are made for lifting potatoes and other root crops from the ground. A pair of forks back-to-back is often used to lever apart dense clumps of roots

Rake may refer to:

• Rake (tool), a horticultural implement, a long-handled tool with tines
• Rake or hay rake, a farm implement
• Rake, the caster angle of a bicycle or motorcycle
• Rake angle, a parameter in machining and cutting geometry
• Rake (cellular automaton), a cellular automaton pattern that moves while regularly emitting spaceships
• Rake (character), a man habituated to immoral conduct
• Rake (poker), the commission taken by a casino when hosting a poker game
• Rake (geology), the angle between a feature on a bedding plane and the strike line in geology
• Rake receiver, a radio receiver
• Rake (software), a variant of the make program coded in the Ruby programming language
• Rake (theatre), the artificial slope of a theatre stage
• Rake (train), a group of coupled passenger coaches, or freight wagons, or railcars (excluding the locomotive) that typically move together

Watch what is horticulture on YouTube.... By fatudimu Jephthah.  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1jSqlDfxWxY

Extract from Wikipedia. ........

Edwards playing for the Young Socceroos in 2013
Personal information
Full name	Ryan Marc Edwards[1]
Date of birth	17 November 1993 (age 22)
Place of birth	Singapore
Height	175 cm (5 ft 9 in)
Playing position	Central midfielder
Club information
Current team	Partick Thistle
Number	19
Youth career
2007–2011	AIS
2011–2012	Reading
Senior career*
Years	Team	Apps†	(Gls)†
2012–2015	Reading	7	(0)
2013–2014	→ Perth Glory (loan)	15	(0)
2015–	Partick Thistle	12	(2)
National team‡
2010–2013	Australia U20	18	(2)
2014–	Australia U-23	18	(0)
* Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only and correct as of 16:15, 11 May 2016 (UTC). † Appearances (goals) ‡ National team caps and goals correct as of 5 April 2016

Extract from Wikipedia. ........ Types of hoe

TypesEdit

There are many types of hoes of quite different appearances and purposes. Some can perform multiple functions. Others are intended for a specific use.

Cultivating tool pull or draw hoe

There are two main classes of agricultural hoe: draw hoes for shaping, and scuffle hoes for surface weed control.

A draw hoe has the blade set at approximately a right angle to the handle. The user chops into the ground and then pulls (draws) the blade towards them. Altering the angle of the handle can cause the hoe to dig deeper or more shallowly as the hoe is pulled. A draw hoe can easily be used to cultivate soil to a depth of several inches. A typical design of draw hoe, the "eye hoe", has a ring in the head through which the handle is fitted. This design has been used since Roman times.

A scuffle hoe is used to scrape the surface of the soil, and to loosen the top inch or so, and to cut the roots, remove, and disrupt the growth of weeds efficiently. These are mainly of two different designs: the Dutch hoe and the hoop hoe.

Eye hoe heads, some with sow-tooth (German: Sauzahn), Centro Etnográfico de Soutelo de Montes, Pontevedra,Spain

Cultivating tool push or thrust hoe

The term 'hand hoe' most commonly refers to any type of light-weight, short-handled hoe, although it may be used simply to contrast hand-held tools against animal or machine pulled tools.

Draw hoesEdit

• The typical farming and gardening hoe with a heavy, broad blade and a straight edge is known as the grub hoe, grab hoe, pattern hoe, Italian hoe,azada^[ or dago hoe ("dago" is an ethnic slur referring to Italians, Spaniards, or Portuguese).
• Ridging hoes also known as warren or drill hoes are triangular (point-down) or heart-shaped draw hoes particularly for creating narrow furrows (drills) and shallow trenches for planting seeds and bulbs.

Hoedad (tree-planting tool) Kaibab National Forest, Arizona, USA

• Hoedads (also, "hoedags") are hoe-like tools used for planting trees.ccording to Hartzell (1987, p. 29), "The hoedag [was] originally called skindvic hoe... Hans Rasmussen, legendary contractor and timber farm owner, is credited with having invented the curved, convex, round-nosed hoedag blade which is widely used today" (emphasis added).
• The mortar hoe, a tool specific to hand mixing mortar and concrete, has the appearance of a typical square-bladed draw hoe with the addition of large holes in the blade.

Scuffle hoesEdit

• The Dutch hoe is a design that is pushed or pulled through the soil to cut weeds just under the surface. A Dutch hoe has a blade "sharp on every side so as to cut either forwards and backwards". The blade must be set in a plane slightly upwardly inclined to the dual axis of the rod used as a handle stick. The user uses the handle to push the blade forward, forcing it below the surface of the ground and maintaining it at a shallow depth in the surface layer of soil by altering the angle of the handle whilst pushing. A push hoe can easily cultivate and remove weeds etc. from the surface layer of the soil.
• The hoop hoe (also known as action, oscillating, hula, stirrup, pendulum weeder, or swivel hoes) have a double-edge blade that bends around to form a rectangle attached to the handle. Weeds are cut just below the soil surface as the blade is pushed & pulled through the area. The back and forth motion is highly effective with cutting weeds in loose or breakable soil. Widths of the blade typically range between three and seven inches. Its tool-head is a loop of flat, sharpened strap metal. It is not as efficient as a draw hoe for moving soil.
• The collinear hoe has a narrow, razor-sharp blade which is used to slice weeds by skimming it just under the surface of the soil with a sweeping motion; it is unsuitable for tasks like soil moving and chopping. It was designed by Eliot Coleman in the late 1980s.
• The Swoe hoe is a modern  one-sided cutting hoe - a variant of the Dutch hoe.

Other hoesEdit

Hoes resembling neither draw nor scuffle hoes include:

• Wheel hoes are, as the name suggests, a hoe or pair of hoes attached to one or more wheels. The hoes are frequently interchangeable with other tools.

• Horse hoes, resembling small ploughs, were a favourite implement of agricultural pioneer Jethro Tull, claiming in his book "Horse Hoeing Husbandry" that "the horse-hoe will, in wide intervals, give wheat throughout all the stages of its life, as much nourishment as the discreet hoer pleases". The modern view is that, rather than nutrients being released, the crop simply benefits from the removal of competing plants.The introduction of the horse hoe, together with the better-known seed drill, brought about the great increase farming productivity seen during the British Agricultural Revolution.

Fork-hoe depiction in Der Rebmann (the vine-dresser). Jost Amman, Das Ständebuch, 1568

• Fork hoes, (also known as prong hoes, tined hoes or bent forks) are hoes that have two or more tines at right angles to the shaft. Their use is typically to loosen the soil, prior to planting or sowing.
• Clam hoes, made for clam digging
• Adze hoes, with the basic hoe shape but heavier and stronger and with traditional uses in trail making,
• Pacul or cangkul (hoes similar to adze hoe from Malaysia and Indonesia)
• Gang hoes for powered use (in use at least from 1887 to 1964

Extract from Wikipedia. ........ Cutlass

HistoryEdit

Although also used on land, the cutlass is best known as the sailor's weapon of choice. A naval side-arm, its popularity was likely because it was not only robust enough to hack through heavy ropes, canvas, and wood, but short enough to use in relatively close quarters, such as during boarding actions, in the rigging, or below decks. Another advantage to the cutlass was its simplicity of use. Employing it effectively required less training than that required to master a rapier or small sword, and it was more effective as a close-combat weapon than a full-sized sword would be on a cramped ship.

Cutlasses are famous for being used by pirates, although there is no reason to believe that Caribbean buccaneers invented them, as has sometimes been claimed. However, the subsequent use of cutlasses by pirates is well documented in contemporary sources, notably by the pirate crews of William Fly, William Kidd, and Stede Bonnet. French historian Alexandre Exquemelinreports the buccaneer Francois l'Ollonais using a cutlass as early as 1667. Pirates used these weapons for intimidation as much as for combat, often needing no more than to grip their hilts to induce a crew to surrender, or beating captives with the flat of the blade to force their compliance or responsiveness to interrogation.

A cutlass drill on HMS Wolverine, 1882

Owing to its versatility, the cutlass was as often an agricultural implement and tool as it was as a weapon (cf. machete, to which the same comment applies), being used commonly in rain forest and sugarcane areas, such as theCaribbean and Central America. In their most simplified form they are held to have become the machete of the Caribbean.